SUBJECTS

ENLARGEMENTS

HISTORY

Specific Objectives and Competences
- To distinguish the different phases of enlargement that the EU has passed through, which countries have been involved in each phase and which countries are currently in the process of joining the EU.
- Which countries entered the EU in each of these phases and which are in the process of accession.
- To understand the requirements that states which are candidates for EU membership must meet.
- To know the main arguments in favour of and against joining the EU. UE.
Contents
- Since the initial nucleus of 6 countries (Italy, France, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxemburg) was established, the number of European Union member states has progressively increased, with its membership reaching 28 countries with the incorporation of Croatia in 2013.
- In the course of its history, the EU has passed through seven processes of enlargement (see map):
  - 1973: United Kingdom, Ireland and Denmark.
  - 1981: Greece.
  - 1986: Spain and Portugal.
  - 1995: Austria, Finland and Sweden.
  - 2004: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovenia, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Malta and Cyprus,
  - 2007: Bulgaria and Rumania.
  - 2013: Croatia.
- The requisites for membership of the EU are laid down in the Copenhagen Criteria; these are of three types:
  - Political: the existence of stable institutions that guarantee democracy, the rule of law, respect for human rights and the protection of minorities.
  - Economic: the existence of a viable market economy with the capacity to resist competition and stand up to market forces within the EU.
  - Legal (community acquis): this refers to assimilating EU legislation. They must also accept the EU objectives of political, economic and monetary union.
- To these three requirements, it is also necessary to add geography, in other words, forming part of the European continent.
- The unanimity of the member states is fundamental for deciding the entry of a candidate to form part of the EU.
- From a candidacy being accepted, which first requires complying with the political criteria of the EU, there is a long process of negotiations which finally leads to EU entry.
- The extensions that saw the entry of Greece, Spain and Portugal and all of the countries from Central and Eastern Europe also represent the end of a process of transition towards democracy.

Debates

Based on a video Do you think that EU is worth it? (subtitles in en, 7’41”)

To encourage students to take positions in a debate either in favour or against their country belonging to the EU.

ENLARGEMENTS
- Arguments against joining the UE

Documents

>15 EU enlargement seen from a North-American point of view (en)

>15 Slide about the process of enlargement towards the east (es)

Maps

>15 EU enlargements, 1958 – 2013 (en, es)

Videos

12-15 Explanation of the process of accession (bg, da, et, cs, de, el, es, en, fr, it, lv, lt, hu, mt, nl, pl, pt, ro, sl, sk, fi, sv, 3’44”)

12-15 Explanation of the process by which a country could leave the EU (fr and it with subtitles in bg, da, et, cs, de, el, es, en, fr, it, lv, lt, hu, mt, nl, pl, pt, ro, sl, sk, fi, sv, 5’20”)

12-15 Process of adhesion of the Balkan countries (bg, da, et, cs, de, el, es, en, fr, it, lv, lt, hu, mt, nl, pl, pt, ro, sl, sk, fi, sv, 2’23”)

>15 The history of the enlargements (en, 3’44”)

>15 From 6 to 27 (fr with subtitles in bg, da, et, cs, de, el, es, en, fr, it, lv, lt, hu, mt, nl, pl, pt, ro, sl, sk, fi, sv, 3’14”)

>15 Is the crisis slowing down the extension of the EU? (es, 1’07”)

>15 Opinions about whether Turkey should join the EU (en with subtitles in bg, da, et, cs, de, el, es, en, fr, it, lv, lt, hu, mt, nl, pl, pt, ro, sl, sk, fi, sv, 2’06”):

>15 The EU postpones the entry of Turkey (es, 2’33”)