Objetivos espec\u00edficos<\/h3>\n\n\n- \u00bfCu\u00e1les son las razones estrat\u00e9gicas para pretender controlar Groenlandia?<\/li>\n
- \u00bfSolo Estados Unidos (con las declaraciones de Donald Trump) ha mostrado su inter\u00e9s en Groenlandia?<\/li>\n
- \u00bfQu\u00e9 importancia tienen los minerales cr\u00edticos? \u00bfQu\u00e9 pa\u00eds es ahora mismo el principal proveedor?<\/li>\n
- \u00bfCu\u00e1les son las ventajas y las desventajas de la Ruta del Mar del Norte?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
Contenido<\/h3>\n\n\n- Groenlandia es la isla m\u00e1s grande del mundo: con una superficie de 2.166.000 km\u00b2 y una poblaci\u00f3n de aproximadamente 56.000 habitantes, se encuentra bajo la soberan\u00eda de Dinamarca, aunque dispone de una amplia autonom\u00eda recogida en su Ley de Autogobierno de 2009. La superficie de hielo cubre el 80% de la isla aproximadamente.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Antecedentes: Groenlandia y los Estados Unidos (s.XX)<\/h4>\n
La ubicaci\u00f3n de la isla y sus grandes dimensiones despertaron un gran inter\u00e9s por parte de los Estados Unidos de Am\u00e9rica (EUA), especialmente despu\u00e9s de la Segunda Guerra Mundial.<\/p>\n
\n- Como parte de la defensa aliada en la IIGM, Dinamarca hab\u00eda permitido a EUA instalar bases militares en Groenlandia.<\/li>\n
- En 1946, ante el aumento de las tensiones con la Uni\u00f3n Sovi\u00e9tica, el gobierno de EUA hizo una oferta formal de 100 millones de d\u00f3lares a Dinamarca para comprar la isla. Sin embargo, la oferta fue rechazada por el gobierno dan\u00e9s, que siempre ha afirmado que \u201cGroenlandia no est\u00e1 en venta\u201d.<\/li>\n
- Con la creaci\u00f3n de la OTAN en 1949, EUA se asegur\u00f3 seguir manteniendo su presencia militar en Groenlandia. De las nueve bases militares que ha tenido EUA en la isla, actualmente solo queda una operativa: la de Thule (o Pituffik), terminada en 1951.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Groenlandia y la Uni\u00f3n Europea<\/h4>\n
La autonom\u00eda groenlandesa se demuestra tambi\u00e9n en las relaciones que mantiene con la Uni\u00f3n Europea (UE). Aunque Dinamarca se convirtiera en Estado miembro de la UE en 1973, y eso supusiera tambi\u00e9n la entrada de Groenlandia, la isla celebr\u00f3 un refer\u00e9ndum en 1982 para decidir su permanencia: una mayor\u00eda del 53% de groenlandeses se mostraron favorables a salir de la UE<\/p>\n
La mayor preocupaci\u00f3n en ese momento fue la preservaci\u00f3n del sector de la pesca local, que a\u00fan representa aproximadamente el 90% de las exportaciones de Groenlandia. Con la entrada en el mercado \u00fanico europeo, los pescadores locales tem\u00edan verse afectados por la competencia de los otros Estados miembros de la UE, que tambi\u00e9n tendr\u00edan acceso a las aguas groenlandesas.<\/p>\n
Groenlandia hizo efectiva su salida de la UE en 1985, y de hecho, fue el primer territorio en abandonarla voluntariamente.<\/p>\n
La riqueza mineral de Groenlandia<\/h4>\n
Seg\u00fan un estudio elaborado por el Servicio Geol\u00f3gico de Dinamarca y Groenlandia (GEUS), la isla posee yacimientos donde podr\u00edan encontrarse hasta 38 minerales considerados esenciales o \u201ccr\u00edticos\u201d. Estos minerales tienen un gran valor creciente debido a su gran utilidad en el abastecimiento de sectores prioritarios: energ\u00eda renovable, movilidad el\u00e9ctrica, sistemas de telecomunicaciones, ingenier\u00eda aeroespacial o defensa.<\/p>\n
La Uni\u00f3n Europea elabora listas de las que considera \u201cmaterias primas fundamentales\u201d (actualmente 34), entre las cuales la mayor\u00eda son de origen mineral y se encuentran tambi\u00e9n en Groenlandia.<\/p>\n
\n- A finales de 2023, la Comisi\u00f3n Europea y el gobierno groenland\u00e9s firmaron una asociaci\u00f3n estrat\u00e9gica sobre \u201ccadenas de valor sostenibles\u201d de estos minerales.<\/li>\n
- Ante el objetivo de lograr una mayor autonom\u00eda estrat\u00e9gica, las instituciones europeas buscan tomar medidas que reduzcan los riesgos de suministro de las materias primas fundamentales.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
En el caso de Groenlandia, muchos proyectos de extracci\u00f3n de minerales se encuentran a\u00fan en fase de exploraci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n
El rol de China y Rusia<\/h4>\n
La ruta mar\u00edtima por el Mar del Norte es una alternativa a la ruta tradicional del Canal de Suez, y tambi\u00e9n permite llegar desde Asia oriental a los puertos europeos. Debido al deshielo acelerado del \u00c1rtico, China y Rusia han hecho importantes inversiones en infraestructuras portuarias, flotas de rompehielos y sistemas de navegaci\u00f3n adaptados a las condiciones extremas del paso, por lo que la ruta del Mar del Norte puede reducir el tiempo de viaje del transporte mar\u00edtimo internacional.<\/p>\n
Como consecuencia directa del cambio clim\u00e1tico, el \u00c1rtico es navegable durante m\u00e1s meses al a\u00f1o. Las estimaciones apuntan que desde el este de China, la ruta del Mar del Norte implica un viaje de aproximadamente 20-25 d\u00edas hasta el puerto de Rotterdam (Pa\u00edses Bajos), con una distancia de 13.000 kil\u00f3metros. En cambio, el mismo punto de origen y destino a trav\u00e9s de la ruta tradicional por el Canal de Suez supone un viaje de 20.000 kil\u00f3metros y 30-35 d\u00edas.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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![\"\"](\"https:\/\/learneurope.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/debateGD-1.png\")
Debates<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n- La ubicaci\u00f3n geogr\u00e1fica de Groenlandia, adem\u00e1s del desarrollo potencial de su industria minera, sigue motivando el inter\u00e9s de Estados Unidos para hacerse con el control de la isla. Tanto la Uni\u00f3n Europea como la OTAN han dado apoyo a Dinamarca ante las intenciones expansionistas de Trump, y en el caso de los minerales cr\u00edticos, Groenlandia y la Uni\u00f3n Europea han logrado llegar a acuerdos para el suministro.\n
\n- \u00bfC\u00f3mo relacionar\u00edas la alianza comercial entre Groenlandia y la UE con la actual dependencia externa europea de minerales cr\u00edticos?<\/li>\n
- A raiz de la importancia del mercado emergente de minerales cr\u00edticos, \u00bfCrees que Groenlandia debe mantener la autonom\u00eda en la gesti\u00f3n de sus recursos, o bien deber\u00eda integrarse al mercado com\u00fan europeo para distanciarse de Estados Unidos?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Con las inversiones chinas y rusas para potenciar la ruta mar\u00edtima del Mar del Norte, China podr\u00eda lograr mayores facilidades de acceso a los puertos europeos\n
\n- Vincul\u00e1ndolo al suministro de minerales cr\u00edticos y el peso de China en este mercado, \u00bfLa ruta del Mar del Norte puede condicionar los planes de la UE para su autonom\u00eda estrat\u00e9gica?<\/li>\n
- \u00bfLa ruta del Mar del Norte puede aumentar la presencia de Rusia y China en Groenlandia? \u00bfQu\u00e9 consecuencias tendr\u00eda?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
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![\"\"](\"https:\/\/learneurope.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/MapasGD-1.png\")
Mapas<\/strong><\/h3>\n>15<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Base a\u00e9rea de Thule<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n>15<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Clasificaci\u00f3n del riesgo de suministro de las materias primas fundamentales (fuente: Comisi\u00f3n Europea)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n>15<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Rutas mar\u00edtimas del Mar del Norte y por el Canal de Suez<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n>15<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Estimaci\u00f3n de la distancia y el tiempo entre las dos rutas mar\u00edtimas<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.20.2″ _module_preset=”default” border_width_all=”1px” border_color_all=”rgba(175,206,51,0.51)” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/learneurope.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/VdeosGD-1.png\")
V\u00eddeos<\/strong><\/h3>\n>15<\/strong><\/span> Asegurando el abastecimiento de materias primas fundamentales en la UE<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n>15<\/strong><\/span> Groenlandia urge a la UE a aumentar la inversi\u00f3n ante el incremento del inter\u00e9s de EE.UU y China<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n>15<\/strong><\/span> \u00bfPor qu\u00e9 EE.UU. y Europa se estan enfrentando por el futuro de Groenlandia?<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.20.2″ _module_preset=”dehttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mQrRY9SY_9Afault” border_width_all=”1px” border_color_all=”rgba(175,206,51,0.51)” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/learneurope.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Enlaces-externosGD-1.png\")
Enlace externo<\/strong><\/h3>\n>15<\/strong><\/span> Acta de Materias primas fundamentales<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n>15<\/strong><\/span> Utilidad y demanda de las materias primas fundamentales en la UE<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
THE DISPUTE OVER GREENLAND AND THE CONTROL OF CRITICAL MINERALS Specific Objectives What are the strategic reasons for seeking control over Greenland? Has only the United States (with Donald Trump\u2019s statements) shown interest in Greenland? How important are critical minerals? Which country is currently the main supplier? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"
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THE DISPUTE OVER GREENLAND AND THE CONTROL OF CRITICAL MINERALS<\/h2>Specific Objectives<\/h3>- What are the strategic reasons for seeking control over Greenland?<\/li>
- Has only the United States (with Donald Trump\u2019s statements) shown interest in Greenland?<\/li>
- How important are critical minerals? Which country is currently the main supplier?<\/li>
- What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Northern Sea Route?<\/li><\/ul><\/div>
Content<\/h3>- Greenland is the largest island in the world: with an area of 2,166,000 km\u00b2 and a population of approximately 56,000 inhabitants, it is under Danish sovereignty, although it has broad autonomy as established in its 2009 Self-Government Act. The ice sheet covers approximately 80% of the island.<\/li><\/ul>
Background: Greenland and the United States (20th century)<\/h4>
The island\u2019s location and large size aroused great interest from the United States of America (USA), especially after World War II.<\/p>
- As part of the Allied defence in WWII, Denmark had allowed the USA to establish military bases in Greenland.<\/li>
- In 1946, facing increasing tensions with the Soviet Union, the US government made a formal offer of 100 million dollars to Denmark to purchase the island. However, the offer was rejected by the Danish government, which has always maintained that \u201cGreenland is not for sale\u201d.<\/li>
- With the creation of NATO in 1949, the USA ensured continued military presence in Greenland. Of the nine military bases the USA has had on the island, only one remains operational today: Thule (or Pituffik), completed in 1951.<\/li><\/ul>
Greenland and the European Union<\/h4>
Greenland's autonomy is also demonstrated in its relations with the European Union (EU). Although Denmark became an EU Member State in 1973, which also implied Greenland\u2019s entry, the island held a referendum in 1982 to decide on its membership: a majority of 53% of Greenlanders voted in favour of leaving the EU.<\/p>
The main concern at that time was the preservation of the local fishing sector, which still represents about 90% of Greenland's exports. With entry into the European single market, local fishermen feared being affected by competition from other EU Member States, who would also gain access to Greenlandic waters.<\/p>
Greenland formally exited the EU in 1985 and was, in fact, the first territory to voluntarily leave.<\/p>
Greenland\u2019s mineral wealth<\/h4>
According to a study by the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), the island possesses deposits where up to 38 minerals considered essential or \u201ccritical\u201d could be found. These minerals are of increasing value due to their high utility in supplying priority sectors: renewable energy, electric mobility, telecommunications systems, aerospace engineering, and defence.<\/p>
The European Union draws up lists of what it considers \u201ccritical raw materials\u201d (currently 34), most of which are mineral in origin and are also found in Greenland.<\/p>
- At the end of 2023, the European Commission and the Greenlandic government signed a strategic partnership on \u201csustainable value chains\u201d for these minerals.<\/li>
- With the goal of achieving greater strategic autonomy, European institutions seek to take measures to reduce supply risks for critical raw materials.<\/li><\/ul>
In Greenland's case, many mineral extraction projects are still in the exploration phase.<\/p>
The role of China and Russia<\/h4>
The Northern Sea Route is an alternative to the traditional Suez Canal route, providing a way to reach European ports from East Asia. Due to the accelerated melting of the Arctic, China and Russia have made significant investments in port infrastructure, icebreaker fleets, and navigation systems adapted to the extreme conditions of the passage, meaning the Northern Sea Route can reduce the travel time of international maritime transport.<\/p>
As a direct consequence of climate change, the Arctic is navigable for more months each year. Estimates suggest that from eastern China, the Northern Sea Route entails a journey of approximately 20\u201325 days to the port of Rotterdam (Netherlands), covering a distance of 13,000 kilometers. In contrast, the same origin and destination via the traditional Suez Canal route involves a journey of 20,000 kilometers and 30\u201335 days.<\/p><\/div>
\u00a0<\/p><\/div>
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Debates<\/strong><\/h3>- Greenland\u2019s geographic location, in addition to the potential development of its mining industry, continues to motivate US interest in gaining control over the island. Both the European Union and NATO have supported Denmark against Trump\u2019s expansionist intentions, and regarding critical minerals, Greenland and the EU have managed to reach supply agreements.
- How would you relate the trade alliance between Greenland and the EU to Europe\u2019s current external dependency on critical minerals?<\/li>
- Given the importance of the emerging market for critical minerals, do you think Greenland should maintain autonomy in managing its resources, or should it integrate into the European common market to distance itself from the United States?<\/li><\/ul><\/li>
- With Chinese and Russian investments to boost the Northern Sea Route, China could achieve greater ease of access to European ports.
- Linking this to the supply of critical minerals and China's weight in this market, could the Northern Sea Route influence the EU\u2019s plans for strategic autonomy?<\/li>
- Could the Northern Sea Route increase Russia\u2019s and China\u2019s presence in Greenland? What consequences would that have?<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/div>
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Maps<\/strong><\/h3>>15<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Thule Air Base<\/a><\/span><\/p>>15<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Supply risk classification of critical raw materials (source: European Commission)<\/a><\/span><\/p>>15<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Northern Sea Route and Suez Canal sea routes<\/a><\/span><\/p>>15<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Distance and time estimation between the two sea routes<\/a><\/span><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.20.2\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" border_width_all=\"1px\" border_color_all=\"rgba(175,206,51,0.51)\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<\/p>
Videos<\/strong><\/h3>>15<\/strong><\/span> Ensuring the supply of critical raw materials in the EU<\/a><\/span><\/p>>15<\/strong><\/span> Greenland pushes EU for more investment amid rising US and Chinese interest<\/a><\/span><\/p>>15<\/strong><\/span> Why the US and Europe are battling for Greenland\u2019s future?<\/a><\/span><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.20.2\" _module_preset=\"dehttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mQrRY9SY_9Afault\" hover_enabled=\"0\" border_width_all=\"1px\" border_color_all=\"rgba(175,206,51,0.51)\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<\/p>
External Link<\/strong><\/h3>>15<\/strong><\/span> Critical Raw Materials act<\/a><\/span><\/p>
- \n
- \u00bfCu\u00e1les son las razones estrat\u00e9gicas para pretender controlar Groenlandia?<\/li>\n
- \u00bfSolo Estados Unidos (con las declaraciones de Donald Trump) ha mostrado su inter\u00e9s en Groenlandia?<\/li>\n
- \u00bfQu\u00e9 importancia tienen los minerales cr\u00edticos? \u00bfQu\u00e9 pa\u00eds es ahora mismo el principal proveedor?<\/li>\n
- \u00bfCu\u00e1les son las ventajas y las desventajas de la Ruta del Mar del Norte?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
Contenido<\/h3>\n
\n- \n
- Groenlandia es la isla m\u00e1s grande del mundo: con una superficie de 2.166.000 km\u00b2 y una poblaci\u00f3n de aproximadamente 56.000 habitantes, se encuentra bajo la soberan\u00eda de Dinamarca, aunque dispone de una amplia autonom\u00eda recogida en su Ley de Autogobierno de 2009. La superficie de hielo cubre el 80% de la isla aproximadamente.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Antecedentes: Groenlandia y los Estados Unidos (s.XX)<\/h4>\n
La ubicaci\u00f3n de la isla y sus grandes dimensiones despertaron un gran inter\u00e9s por parte de los Estados Unidos de Am\u00e9rica (EUA), especialmente despu\u00e9s de la Segunda Guerra Mundial.<\/p>\n
- \n
- Como parte de la defensa aliada en la IIGM, Dinamarca hab\u00eda permitido a EUA instalar bases militares en Groenlandia.<\/li>\n
- En 1946, ante el aumento de las tensiones con la Uni\u00f3n Sovi\u00e9tica, el gobierno de EUA hizo una oferta formal de 100 millones de d\u00f3lares a Dinamarca para comprar la isla. Sin embargo, la oferta fue rechazada por el gobierno dan\u00e9s, que siempre ha afirmado que \u201cGroenlandia no est\u00e1 en venta\u201d.<\/li>\n
- Con la creaci\u00f3n de la OTAN en 1949, EUA se asegur\u00f3 seguir manteniendo su presencia militar en Groenlandia. De las nueve bases militares que ha tenido EUA en la isla, actualmente solo queda una operativa: la de Thule (o Pituffik), terminada en 1951.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Groenlandia y la Uni\u00f3n Europea<\/h4>\n
La autonom\u00eda groenlandesa se demuestra tambi\u00e9n en las relaciones que mantiene con la Uni\u00f3n Europea (UE). Aunque Dinamarca se convirtiera en Estado miembro de la UE en 1973, y eso supusiera tambi\u00e9n la entrada de Groenlandia, la isla celebr\u00f3 un refer\u00e9ndum en 1982 para decidir su permanencia: una mayor\u00eda del 53% de groenlandeses se mostraron favorables a salir de la UE<\/p>\n
La mayor preocupaci\u00f3n en ese momento fue la preservaci\u00f3n del sector de la pesca local, que a\u00fan representa aproximadamente el 90% de las exportaciones de Groenlandia. Con la entrada en el mercado \u00fanico europeo, los pescadores locales tem\u00edan verse afectados por la competencia de los otros Estados miembros de la UE, que tambi\u00e9n tendr\u00edan acceso a las aguas groenlandesas.<\/p>\n
Groenlandia hizo efectiva su salida de la UE en 1985, y de hecho, fue el primer territorio en abandonarla voluntariamente.<\/p>\n
La riqueza mineral de Groenlandia<\/h4>\n
Seg\u00fan un estudio elaborado por el Servicio Geol\u00f3gico de Dinamarca y Groenlandia (GEUS), la isla posee yacimientos donde podr\u00edan encontrarse hasta 38 minerales considerados esenciales o \u201ccr\u00edticos\u201d. Estos minerales tienen un gran valor creciente debido a su gran utilidad en el abastecimiento de sectores prioritarios: energ\u00eda renovable, movilidad el\u00e9ctrica, sistemas de telecomunicaciones, ingenier\u00eda aeroespacial o defensa.<\/p>\n
La Uni\u00f3n Europea elabora listas de las que considera \u201cmaterias primas fundamentales\u201d (actualmente 34), entre las cuales la mayor\u00eda son de origen mineral y se encuentran tambi\u00e9n en Groenlandia.<\/p>\n
- \n
- A finales de 2023, la Comisi\u00f3n Europea y el gobierno groenland\u00e9s firmaron una asociaci\u00f3n estrat\u00e9gica sobre \u201ccadenas de valor sostenibles\u201d de estos minerales.<\/li>\n
- Ante el objetivo de lograr una mayor autonom\u00eda estrat\u00e9gica, las instituciones europeas buscan tomar medidas que reduzcan los riesgos de suministro de las materias primas fundamentales.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
En el caso de Groenlandia, muchos proyectos de extracci\u00f3n de minerales se encuentran a\u00fan en fase de exploraci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n
El rol de China y Rusia<\/h4>\n
La ruta mar\u00edtima por el Mar del Norte es una alternativa a la ruta tradicional del Canal de Suez, y tambi\u00e9n permite llegar desde Asia oriental a los puertos europeos. Debido al deshielo acelerado del \u00c1rtico, China y Rusia han hecho importantes inversiones en infraestructuras portuarias, flotas de rompehielos y sistemas de navegaci\u00f3n adaptados a las condiciones extremas del paso, por lo que la ruta del Mar del Norte puede reducir el tiempo de viaje del transporte mar\u00edtimo internacional.<\/p>\n
Como consecuencia directa del cambio clim\u00e1tico, el \u00c1rtico es navegable durante m\u00e1s meses al a\u00f1o. Las estimaciones apuntan que desde el este de China, la ruta del Mar del Norte implica un viaje de aproximadamente 20-25 d\u00edas hasta el puerto de Rotterdam (Pa\u00edses Bajos), con una distancia de 13.000 kil\u00f3metros. En cambio, el mismo punto de origen y destino a trav\u00e9s de la ruta tradicional por el Canal de Suez supone un viaje de 20.000 kil\u00f3metros y 30-35 d\u00edas.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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Debates<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n- \n
- La ubicaci\u00f3n geogr\u00e1fica de Groenlandia, adem\u00e1s del desarrollo potencial de su industria minera, sigue motivando el inter\u00e9s de Estados Unidos para hacerse con el control de la isla. Tanto la Uni\u00f3n Europea como la OTAN han dado apoyo a Dinamarca ante las intenciones expansionistas de Trump, y en el caso de los minerales cr\u00edticos, Groenlandia y la Uni\u00f3n Europea han logrado llegar a acuerdos para el suministro.\n
- \n
- \u00bfC\u00f3mo relacionar\u00edas la alianza comercial entre Groenlandia y la UE con la actual dependencia externa europea de minerales cr\u00edticos?<\/li>\n
- A raiz de la importancia del mercado emergente de minerales cr\u00edticos, \u00bfCrees que Groenlandia debe mantener la autonom\u00eda en la gesti\u00f3n de sus recursos, o bien deber\u00eda integrarse al mercado com\u00fan europeo para distanciarse de Estados Unidos?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Con las inversiones chinas y rusas para potenciar la ruta mar\u00edtima del Mar del Norte, China podr\u00eda lograr mayores facilidades de acceso a los puertos europeos\n
- \n
- Vincul\u00e1ndolo al suministro de minerales cr\u00edticos y el peso de China en este mercado, \u00bfLa ruta del Mar del Norte puede condicionar los planes de la UE para su autonom\u00eda estrat\u00e9gica?<\/li>\n
- \u00bfLa ruta del Mar del Norte puede aumentar la presencia de Rusia y China en Groenlandia? \u00bfQu\u00e9 consecuencias tendr\u00eda?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”2_5″ _builder_version=”4.19.5″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.19.5″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.20.2″ _module_preset=”default” border_width_all=”1px” border_color_all=”rgba(175,206,51,0.51)” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n
Mapas<\/strong><\/h3>\n>15<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Base a\u00e9rea de Thule<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n
>15<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Clasificaci\u00f3n del riesgo de suministro de las materias primas fundamentales (fuente: Comisi\u00f3n Europea)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n
>15<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Rutas mar\u00edtimas del Mar del Norte y por el Canal de Suez<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n
>15<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Estimaci\u00f3n de la distancia y el tiempo entre las dos rutas mar\u00edtimas<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.20.2″ _module_preset=”default” border_width_all=”1px” border_color_all=”rgba(175,206,51,0.51)” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n
V\u00eddeos<\/strong><\/h3>\n>15<\/strong><\/span> Asegurando el abastecimiento de materias primas fundamentales en la UE<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n
>15<\/strong><\/span> Groenlandia urge a la UE a aumentar la inversi\u00f3n ante el incremento del inter\u00e9s de EE.UU y China<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n
>15<\/strong><\/span> \u00bfPor qu\u00e9 EE.UU. y Europa se estan enfrentando por el futuro de Groenlandia?<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.20.2″ _module_preset=”dehttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mQrRY9SY_9Afault” border_width_all=”1px” border_color_all=”rgba(175,206,51,0.51)” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n
Enlace externo<\/strong><\/h3>\n>15<\/strong><\/span> Acta de Materias primas fundamentales<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n
>15<\/strong><\/span> Utilidad y demanda de las materias primas fundamentales en la UE<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
THE DISPUTE OVER GREENLAND AND THE CONTROL OF CRITICAL MINERALS Specific Objectives What are the strategic reasons for seeking control over Greenland? Has only the United States (with Donald Trump\u2019s statements) shown interest in Greenland? How important are critical minerals? Which country is currently the main supplier? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"
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THE DISPUTE OVER GREENLAND AND THE CONTROL OF CRITICAL MINERALS<\/h2>
Specific Objectives<\/h3>
- What are the strategic reasons for seeking control over Greenland?<\/li>
- Has only the United States (with Donald Trump\u2019s statements) shown interest in Greenland?<\/li>
- How important are critical minerals? Which country is currently the main supplier?<\/li>
- What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Northern Sea Route?<\/li><\/ul><\/div>
Content<\/h3>
- Greenland is the largest island in the world: with an area of 2,166,000 km\u00b2 and a population of approximately 56,000 inhabitants, it is under Danish sovereignty, although it has broad autonomy as established in its 2009 Self-Government Act. The ice sheet covers approximately 80% of the island.<\/li><\/ul>
Background: Greenland and the United States (20th century)<\/h4>
The island\u2019s location and large size aroused great interest from the United States of America (USA), especially after World War II.<\/p>
- As part of the Allied defence in WWII, Denmark had allowed the USA to establish military bases in Greenland.<\/li>
- In 1946, facing increasing tensions with the Soviet Union, the US government made a formal offer of 100 million dollars to Denmark to purchase the island. However, the offer was rejected by the Danish government, which has always maintained that \u201cGreenland is not for sale\u201d.<\/li>
- With the creation of NATO in 1949, the USA ensured continued military presence in Greenland. Of the nine military bases the USA has had on the island, only one remains operational today: Thule (or Pituffik), completed in 1951.<\/li><\/ul>
Greenland and the European Union<\/h4>
Greenland's autonomy is also demonstrated in its relations with the European Union (EU). Although Denmark became an EU Member State in 1973, which also implied Greenland\u2019s entry, the island held a referendum in 1982 to decide on its membership: a majority of 53% of Greenlanders voted in favour of leaving the EU.<\/p>
The main concern at that time was the preservation of the local fishing sector, which still represents about 90% of Greenland's exports. With entry into the European single market, local fishermen feared being affected by competition from other EU Member States, who would also gain access to Greenlandic waters.<\/p>
Greenland formally exited the EU in 1985 and was, in fact, the first territory to voluntarily leave.<\/p>
Greenland\u2019s mineral wealth<\/h4>
According to a study by the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), the island possesses deposits where up to 38 minerals considered essential or \u201ccritical\u201d could be found. These minerals are of increasing value due to their high utility in supplying priority sectors: renewable energy, electric mobility, telecommunications systems, aerospace engineering, and defence.<\/p>
The European Union draws up lists of what it considers \u201ccritical raw materials\u201d (currently 34), most of which are mineral in origin and are also found in Greenland.<\/p>
- At the end of 2023, the European Commission and the Greenlandic government signed a strategic partnership on \u201csustainable value chains\u201d for these minerals.<\/li>
- With the goal of achieving greater strategic autonomy, European institutions seek to take measures to reduce supply risks for critical raw materials.<\/li><\/ul>
In Greenland's case, many mineral extraction projects are still in the exploration phase.<\/p>
The role of China and Russia<\/h4>
The Northern Sea Route is an alternative to the traditional Suez Canal route, providing a way to reach European ports from East Asia. Due to the accelerated melting of the Arctic, China and Russia have made significant investments in port infrastructure, icebreaker fleets, and navigation systems adapted to the extreme conditions of the passage, meaning the Northern Sea Route can reduce the travel time of international maritime transport.<\/p>
As a direct consequence of climate change, the Arctic is navigable for more months each year. Estimates suggest that from eastern China, the Northern Sea Route entails a journey of approximately 20\u201325 days to the port of Rotterdam (Netherlands), covering a distance of 13,000 kilometers. In contrast, the same origin and destination via the traditional Suez Canal route involves a journey of 20,000 kilometers and 30\u201335 days.<\/p><\/div>
\u00a0<\/p><\/div>
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Debates<\/strong><\/h3>- Greenland\u2019s geographic location, in addition to the potential development of its mining industry, continues to motivate US interest in gaining control over the island. Both the European Union and NATO have supported Denmark against Trump\u2019s expansionist intentions, and regarding critical minerals, Greenland and the EU have managed to reach supply agreements.
- How would you relate the trade alliance between Greenland and the EU to Europe\u2019s current external dependency on critical minerals?<\/li>
- Given the importance of the emerging market for critical minerals, do you think Greenland should maintain autonomy in managing its resources, or should it integrate into the European common market to distance itself from the United States?<\/li><\/ul><\/li>
- With Chinese and Russian investments to boost the Northern Sea Route, China could achieve greater ease of access to European ports.
- Linking this to the supply of critical minerals and China's weight in this market, could the Northern Sea Route influence the EU\u2019s plans for strategic autonomy?<\/li>
- Could the Northern Sea Route increase Russia\u2019s and China\u2019s presence in Greenland? What consequences would that have?<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/div>
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Maps<\/strong><\/h3>>15<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Thule Air Base<\/a><\/span><\/p>
>15<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Supply risk classification of critical raw materials (source: European Commission)<\/a><\/span><\/p>
>15<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Northern Sea Route and Suez Canal sea routes<\/a><\/span><\/p>
>15<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Distance and time estimation between the two sea routes<\/a><\/span><\/p>
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Videos<\/strong><\/h3>>15<\/strong><\/span> Ensuring the supply of critical raw materials in the EU<\/a><\/span><\/p>
>15<\/strong><\/span> Greenland pushes EU for more investment amid rising US and Chinese interest<\/a><\/span><\/p>
>15<\/strong><\/span> Why the US and Europe are battling for Greenland\u2019s future?<\/a><\/span><\/p>
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External Link<\/strong><\/h3>>15<\/strong><\/span> Critical Raw Materials act<\/a><\/span><\/p>
- Greenland\u2019s geographic location, in addition to the potential development of its mining industry, continues to motivate US interest in gaining control over the island. Both the European Union and NATO have supported Denmark against Trump\u2019s expansionist intentions, and regarding critical minerals, Greenland and the EU have managed to reach supply agreements.
- Greenland is the largest island in the world: with an area of 2,166,000 km\u00b2 and a population of approximately 56,000 inhabitants, it is under Danish sovereignty, although it has broad autonomy as established in its 2009 Self-Government Act. The ice sheet covers approximately 80% of the island.<\/li><\/ul>
- La ubicaci\u00f3n geogr\u00e1fica de Groenlandia, adem\u00e1s del desarrollo potencial de su industria minera, sigue motivando el inter\u00e9s de Estados Unidos para hacerse con el control de la isla. Tanto la Uni\u00f3n Europea como la OTAN han dado apoyo a Dinamarca ante las intenciones expansionistas de Trump, y en el caso de los minerales cr\u00edticos, Groenlandia y la Uni\u00f3n Europea han logrado llegar a acuerdos para el suministro.\n
- Groenlandia es la isla m\u00e1s grande del mundo: con una superficie de 2.166.000 km\u00b2 y una poblaci\u00f3n de aproximadamente 56.000 habitantes, se encuentra bajo la soberan\u00eda de Dinamarca, aunque dispone de una amplia autonom\u00eda recogida en su Ley de Autogobierno de 2009. La superficie de hielo cubre el 80% de la isla aproximadamente.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a2\/This_map_shows_Thule_is_on_Greenland%27s_NW_coast.jpg\/640px-This_map_shows_Thule_is_on_Greenland%27s_NW_coast.jpg\")
V\u00eddeos<\/strong><\/h3>\n