{"id":830,"date":"2025-05-25T17:03:13","date_gmt":"2025-05-25T17:03:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learneurope.eu\/?p=830"},"modified":"2025-07-13T15:05:53","modified_gmt":"2025-07-13T15:05:53","slug":"european-defence-policy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/learneurope.eu\/es\/politica-europea-de-defensa\/","title":{"rendered":"POL\u00cdTICA EUROPEA DE DEFENSA"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.19.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row use_custom_gutter=&#8221;on&#8221; gutter_width=&#8221;1&#8243; make_equal=&#8221;on&#8221; padding_top_bottom_link_1=&#8221;true&#8221; padding_top_bottom_link_2=&#8221;false&#8221; padding_left_right_link_1=&#8221;true&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.19.5&#8243; background_enable_color=&#8221;off&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||0px&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0|0px|0|0px|false|false&#8221; custom_width_px__hover=&#8221;1080px&#8221; 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background_color_gradient_end=&#8221;rgba(42,46,64,0)&#8221; background_enable_image=&#8221;off&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||true|true&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;|||&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;off|desktop&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; padding_phone=&#8221;|||&#8221; padding_tablet=&#8221;30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true&#8221; padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_blurb title=&#8221;SUBJECTS&#8221; content_max_width=&#8221;895px&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.19.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_level=&#8221;h1&#8243; header_font=&#8221;|700|||||||&#8221; header_text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; header_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; header_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; header_line_height=&#8221;3em&#8221; background_image=&#8221;https:\/\/learneurope.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/cabecera_temas.png&#8221; min_height=&#8221;200px&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;60px||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;60px||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;60px||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; header_font_size_tablet=&#8221;16px&#8221; header_font_size_phone=&#8221;16px&#8221; header_font_size_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;3_5,2_5&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.19.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;3_5&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.19.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.20.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tw-target-text\" class=\"tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta\" dir=\"ltr\" data-placeholder=\"Traducci\u00f3n\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwir8oTfkL-NAxXZ2QIHHW6uBrsQ3ewLegQICRAW\" aria-label=\"POL\u00cdTICA EUROPEA DE DEFENSA\"><span class=\"Y2IQFc\" lang=\"en\">POL\u00cdTICA EUROPEA DE DEFENSA<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a class=\"area\" href=\"#\">HISTORIA E INSTITUCIONES<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"contenidos_tema\">\n<h3>Objetivos espec\u00edficos<\/h3>\n<div class=\"objetivos_tema\">\n<ul>\n<li>\u00bfA qu\u00e9 desaf\u00edos se enfrenta la UE en materia de defensa?<\/li>\n<li>\u00bfNecesitamos un ej\u00e9rcito europeo?<\/li>\n<li>\u00bfEs la primera vez qu\u00e9 se plantea esta opci\u00f3n?<\/li>\n<li>\u00bfQu\u00e9 va a pasar con la OTAN?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Contenido<\/h3>\n<div class=\"contenidos_tema\">\n<ul>\n<li>Despu\u00e9s del ataque de Rusia a Ucrania en febrero de 2022, la Uni\u00f3n Europea ha decidido avanzar hacia la integraci\u00f3n en un \u00e1mbito que hab\u00eda quedado en segundo plano durante d\u00e9cadas: la defensa y la seguridad com\u00fan<\/li>\n<li>Los Estados miembros de la UE, 27 actualmente, no hab\u00edan alcanzado nunca una posici\u00f3n de consenso tan amplia como hasta ahora: Europa debe consolidar su autonom\u00eda estrat\u00e9gica durante los pr\u00f3ximos a\u00f1os, lo que implica impulsar su propia industria de defensa.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Antecedentes<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Tras el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, y ante el inicio de la Guerra Fr\u00eda, la defensa del continente se estableci\u00f3 en las dos alianzas que impulsaron las dos grandes potencias vencedoras.\n<ul>\n<li>En el bloque occidental, encabezado por Estados Unidos, se firm\u00f3 el Tratado del Atl\u00e1ntico Norte en 1949, el cual di\u00f3 origen a la Alianza Atl\u00e1ntica o OTAN (NATO en ingl\u00e9s).<\/li>\n<li>Como reacci\u00f3n a la OTAN, y tras la entrada de Alemania occidental en la Alianza, la Uni\u00f3n Sovi\u00e9tica impuls\u00f3 el Pacto de Varsovia en 1955, al cual tuvieron que adherir los Estados \u201csat\u00e9lites\u201d del bloque comunista (excepto Yugoslavia, que adopt\u00f3 un perfil propio).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Entre 1945 y 1989, Europa estaba dividida en dos bloques que nunca entraron directamente en conflicto. La ca\u00edda del Muro de Berl\u00edn en 1989 llev\u00f3 a la desintegraci\u00f3n del bloque comunista, y supuso tambi\u00e9n el fin del Pacto de Varsovia en 1991.<\/li>\n<li>En los a\u00f1os posteriores, la mayor\u00eda de los Estados del este de Europa se unieron a la OTAN. Despu\u00e9s de 2022, incluso dos Estados hist\u00f3ricamente neutrales como Finlandia y Suecia decidieron ingresar en la Alianza.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>La Comunidad Europea de Defensa (1952)<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>El primer proyecto de integraci\u00f3n europea en el \u00e1mbito militar fue en 1952, despu\u00e9s de la fundaci\u00f3n de la Comunidad Europea del Carb\u00f3n y del Acero (CECA) un a\u00f1o antes.<\/li>\n<li>La CED fue impulsada principalmente por el primer ministro de Francia con el apoyo de Estados Unidos, que ve\u00edan con buenos ojos la creaci\u00f3n de unas fuerzas armadas europeas que contuvieran el expansionismo de la Uni\u00f3n Sovi\u00e9tica. En aquel momento, los pa\u00edses involucrados ser\u00edan los 6 integrantes de la CECA (Alemania occidental, B\u00e9lgica, Francia, Holanda, Italia y Luxemburgo).<\/li>\n<li>Sin embargo, la opci\u00f3n de que Alemania occidental se rearmara y la transferencia de soberan\u00eda militar a un organismo superior inquiet\u00f3 a los partidos pol\u00edticos m\u00e1s soberanistas en Francia. En 1954, la Asamblea Nacional francesa rechaz\u00f3 el Tratado constitutivo de la CED, por lo que el proyecto fracas\u00f3<\/li>\n<li>No fue hasta la aprobaci\u00f3n del Tratado de Maastricht (1992) que la defensa europea pas\u00f3 a ser uno de los objetivos de la integraci\u00f3n comunitaria. Sin embargo, los proyectos planteados hasta 2022 fueron mayoritariamente de adhesi\u00f3n voluntaria de los Estados y no tuvieron ni la repercusi\u00f3n ni los compromisos vinculantes adoptados durante estos \u00faltimos tres a\u00f1os.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.20.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; border_width_all=&#8221;1px&#8221; border_color_all=&#8221;rgba(175,206,51,0.51)&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"debates\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-216 alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/learneurope.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/debateGD-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"42\" height=\"42\" \/> <strong>Debates<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"indent\">\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Uno de los compromisos adoptados por los Estados miembros es el de incrementar el gasto p\u00fablico en defensa durante los pr\u00f3ximos a\u00f1os: el Plan ReArm Europe, presentado en marzo de 2025, contempla una inversi\u00f3n en defensa de una media del 1,5 % del PIB de los Estados, aunque est\u00e1 previsto que la cifra aumente progresivamente.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ante el objetivo de lograr una paz duradera que ponga fin al conflicto entre Rusia y Ucrania, \u00bfEl rearme europeo va a ayudar a resolver este conflicto?<\/li>\n<li>\u00bfQu\u00e9 relaci\u00f3n deber\u00eda tener una UE aut\u00f3noma en defensa con la OTAN?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Estados Unidos y la Uni\u00f3n Europea, aliados estrat\u00e9gicos mediante la OTAN, no pasan por las mejores relaciones debido a las posturas mostradas por el presidente Donald Trump, poniendo en cuesti\u00f3n el apoyo norteamericano a Ucrania o pretendiendo anexionarse la isla de Groenlandia (parte de Dinamarca).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ning\u00fan pa\u00eds tiene el despliegue militar de Estados Unidos en Europa, con las numerosas bases militares norteamericanas repartidas por el continente. \u00bfUna estrategia europea de defensa deber\u00eda cuestionar la presencia de estas bases?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;2_5&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.19.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.19.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.20.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; border_width_all=&#8221;1px&#8221; border_color_all=&#8221;rgba(175,206,51,0.51)&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"debates\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-222\" src=\"https:\/\/learneurope.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/MapasGD-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"42\" height=\"42\" \/> <strong>Mapas<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span class=\"age\"><span style=\"color: #99cc00;\"><strong>&gt;15<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/learneurope.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Defence_and_security_organisations_in_Europe_NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1990_en-scaled.jpg\">La OTAN y el Pacto de Varsovia<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span class=\"age\"><span style=\"color: #99cc00;\"><strong>&gt;15<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/45\/History_of_NATO_enlargement.svg\/640px-History_of_NATO_enlargement.svg.png\">Ampliaciones de la OTAN (a\u00f1o de entrada de los Estados)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span class=\"age\"><span style=\"color: #99cc00;\"><strong>&gt;15<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a8\/NATO_%28Locator_Map%29.svg\">OTAN \/ NATO (2025)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span class=\"age\"><span style=\"color: #99cc00;\"><strong>&gt;15<\/strong><\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/statistics-explained\/index.php?title=Government_expenditure_on_defence\">Gasto total en defensa de los Estados UE (2023). Fuente: Eurostat<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span class=\"age\"><span style=\"color: #99cc00;\"><strong>&gt;15<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/elordenmundial.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/mapa-bases-estados-unidos-europa.png\">Presencia militar de Estados Unidos en Europa (2025). Fuente: El Orden Mundial<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.20.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; border_width_all=&#8221;1px&#8221; border_color_all=&#8221;rgba(175,206,51,0.51)&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"debates\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-223\" src=\"https:\/\/learneurope.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/VdeosGD-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"42\" height=\"42\" \/> <strong>V\u00eddeos<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span class=\"age\"><span style=\"color: #99cc00;\"><strong>&gt;15<\/strong><\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/multimedia.europarl.europa.eu\/es\/share\/V001-0010?autoplay=off&amp;controls=on\">La Comunidad Europea de Defensa (1952)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span class=\"age\"><span style=\"color: #99cc00;\"><strong>&gt;15<\/strong><\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/youtube.com\/watch?si=7K9bmV3Boo9O6nJO&amp;v=0JdcFC0xxn8&amp;feature=youtu.be\">\u00bfPor qu\u00e9 es tan dif\u00edcil crear un ej\u00e9rcito de la UE?<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.20.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; border_width_all=&#8221;1px&#8221; border_color_all=&#8221;rgba(175,206,51,0.51)&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"debates\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-218\" src=\"https:\/\/learneurope.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Enlaces-externosGD-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"42\" height=\"42\" \/> <strong>Enlace externo<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span class=\"age\"><span style=\"color: #99cc00;\"><strong>&gt;15<\/strong><\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/presscorner\/detail\/es\/ip_25_793\">Enlace a la declaraci\u00f3n de presentaci\u00f3n del plan ReArm Europe<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span class=\"age\"><span style=\"color: #99cc00;\"><strong>&gt;15<\/strong><\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/es\/policies\/defence-numbers\/\">La pol\u00edtica de defensa de la UE en cifras<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>EUROPEAN DEFENSE POLICY HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS Specific Objectives What challenges does the EU face in defense matters? Do we need a European army? Is this the first time this option has been proposed? What is going to happen with NATO? Content After Russia\u2019s attack on Ukraine in February 2022, the European Union decided to move [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.19.5\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" make_equal=\"on\" padding_top_bottom_link_1=\"true\" padding_top_bottom_link_2=\"false\" padding_left_right_link_1=\"true\" _builder_version=\"4.19.5\" background_enable_color=\"off\" custom_margin=\"||0px\" custom_padding=\"0|0px|0|0px|false|false\" custom_width_px__hover=\"1080px\" custom_width_px__hover_enabled=\"1080px\" custom_width_percent__hover=\"80%\" custom_width_percent__hover_enabled=\"80%\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" make_fullwidth__hover=\"off\" make_fullwidth__hover_enabled=\"off\" use_custom_width__hover=\"off\" use_custom_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" width_unit__hover=\"on\" width_unit__hover_enabled=\"on\" use_custom_gutter__hover=\"off\" use_custom_gutter__hover_enabled=\"off\" gutter_width__hover=\"3\" gutter_width__hover_enabled=\"3\" make_equal__hover=\"off\" make_equal__hover_enabled=\"off\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.19.5\" use_background_color_gradient=\"on\" background_color_gradient_stops=\"rgba(42,46,64,0.71) 0%|rgba(42,46,64,0) 100%\" background_color_gradient_overlays_image=\"on\" background_color_gradient_start=\"rgba(42,46,64,0.71)\" background_color_gradient_end=\"rgba(42,46,64,0)\" background_enable_image=\"off\" custom_padding=\"||||true|true\" custom_padding_tablet=\"30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true\" custom_padding_phone=\"|||\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"off|desktop\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" padding_phone=\"|||\" padding_tablet=\"30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true\" padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"SUBJECTS\" content_max_width=\"895px\" _builder_version=\"4.19.5\" _module_preset=\"default\" header_level=\"h1\" header_font=\"|700|||||||\" header_text_align=\"left\" header_text_color=\"#FFFFFF\" header_font_size=\"16px\" header_line_height=\"3em\" background_image=\"https:\/\/learneurope.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/cabecera_temas.png\" min_height=\"200px\" custom_padding=\"60px||||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"60px||||false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"60px||||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" header_font_size_tablet=\"16px\" header_font_size_phone=\"16px\" header_font_size_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"3_5,2_5\" _builder_version=\"4.19.5\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"3_5\" _builder_version=\"4.19.5\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.20.2\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<\/p><h2 id=\"tw-target-text\" class=\"tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta\" dir=\"ltr\" data-placeholder=\"Traducci\u00f3n\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwir8oTfkL-NAxXZ2QIHHW6uBrsQ3ewLegQICRAW\" aria-label=\"Texto traducido: EUROPEAN DEFENSE POLICY\"><span class=\"Y2IQFc\" lang=\"en\">EUROPEAN DEFENSE POLICY<\/span><\/h2><p><a class=\"area\" href=\"#\">HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS<\/a><\/p><div class=\"contenidos_tema\"><h3>Specific Objectives<\/h3><div class=\"objetivos_tema\"><ul><li>What challenges does the EU face in defense matters?<\/li><li>Do we need a European army?<\/li><li>Is this the first time this option has been proposed?<\/li><li>What is going to happen with NATO?<\/li><\/ul><\/div><h3>Content<\/h3><div class=\"contenidos_tema\"><ul><li>After Russia\u2019s attack on Ukraine in February 2022, the European Union decided to move forward towards integration in an area that had been sidelined for decades: common defence and security.<\/li><li>The EU Member States, currently 27, had never before reached such a broad consensus: Europe must consolidate its strategic autonomy in the coming years, which implies boosting its own defence industry.<\/li><\/ul><h4>Background<\/h4><ul><li>After the end of World War II, and with the onset of the Cold War, the defence of the continent was established in two alliances driven by the two major victorious powers.<ul><li>In the Western bloc, led by the United States, the North Atlantic Treaty was signed in 1949, which gave rise to the Atlantic Alliance or NATO.<\/li><li>As a reaction to NATO, and after the entry of West Germany into the Alliance, the Soviet Union promoted the Warsaw Pact in 1955, to which the \u201csatellite\u201d states of the communist bloc had to adhere (except Yugoslavia, which adopted its own profile).<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Between 1945 and 1989, Europe was divided into two blocs that never entered into direct conflict. The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 led to the disintegration of the communist bloc, and also meant the end of the Warsaw Pact in 1991.<\/li><li>In the following years, most Eastern European states joined NATO. After 2022, even two historically neutral states like Finland and Sweden decided to join the Alliance.<\/li><\/ul><h4>The European Defence Community (1952)<\/h4><ul><li>The first European integration project in the military field was in 1952, after the foundation of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) a year earlier.<\/li><li>The EDC was mainly driven by the French Prime Minister with the support of the United States, who viewed favourably the creation of European armed forces to contain the expansionism of the Soviet Union. At that time, the countries involved would have been the six ECSC members (West Germany, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Italy, and Luxembourg).<\/li><li>However, the possibility of West Germany rearming and the transfer of military sovereignty to a superior body worried the more sovereigntist political parties in France. In 1954, the French National Assembly rejected the Constitutive Treaty of the EDC, thus the project failed.<\/li><li>It was not until the approval of the Maastricht Treaty (1992) that European defence became one of the objectives of community integration. However, the projects proposed up to 2022 were mostly of voluntary adhesion by the States and did not have the impact nor the binding commitments adopted during these last three years.<\/li><\/ul><\/div><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/div><p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.20.2\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" border_width_all=\"1px\" border_color_all=\"rgba(175,206,51,0.51)\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<\/p><h3 id=\"debates\"><img class=\"wp-image-216 alignnone \" src=\"https:\/\/learneurope.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/debateGD-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"42\" height=\"42\" \/> <strong>Debates<\/strong><\/h3><div class=\"indent\"><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">One of the commitments adopted by the Member States is to increase public defence spending in the coming years: the ReArm Europe Plan, presented in March 2025, foresees an average defence investment of 1.5% of the States' GDP, although it is expected that the figure will progressively increase.<\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li>Facing the goal of achieving lasting peace to end the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, is European rearmament going to help resolve this conflict?<\/li><li>What relationship should an autonomous EU in defence have with NATO?<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">The United States and the European Union, strategic allies through NATO, are not having the best relations due to the stances shown by President Donald Trump, questioning North American support for Ukraine or attempting to annex the island of Greenland (part of Denmark).<\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li>No country has the military deployment of the United States in Europe, with numerous American military bases spread across the continent. Should a European defence strategy question the presence of these bases?<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"2_5\" _builder_version=\"4.19.5\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.19.5\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<\/p><p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.20.2\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" border_width_all=\"1px\" border_color_all=\"rgba(175,206,51,0.51)\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<\/p><h3 id=\"debates\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-222 \" src=\"https:\/\/learneurope.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/MapasGD-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"42\" height=\"42\" \/> <strong>Maps<\/strong><\/h3><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span class=\"age\"><span style=\"color: #99cc00;\"><strong>>15<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/learneurope.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Defence_and_security_organisations_in_Europe_NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1990_en-scaled.jpg\">NATO and the Warsaw Pact<\/a><\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span class=\"age\"><span style=\"color: #99cc00;\"><strong>>15<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/45\/History_of_NATO_enlargement.svg\/640px-History_of_NATO_enlargement.svg.png\">NATO enlargements (year of State entry)<\/a><\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span class=\"age\"><span style=\"color: #99cc00;\"><strong>>15<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a8\/NATO_%28Locator_Map%29.svg\">NATO (2025)<\/a><\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span class=\"age\"><span style=\"color: #99cc00;\"><strong>>15<\/strong><\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/statistics-explained\/index.php?title=Government_expenditure_on_defence\">Total defence expenditure of EU States (2023). Source: Eurostat<\/a><\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span class=\"age\"><span style=\"color: #99cc00;\"><strong>>15<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/elordenmundial.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/mapa-bases-estados-unidos-europa.png\">US military presence in Europe. Source: The Heritage foundation<\/a><\/span><\/p><p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.20.2\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" border_width_all=\"1px\" border_color_all=\"rgba(175,206,51,0.51)\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<\/p><h3 id=\"debates\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-223 \" src=\"https:\/\/learneurope.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/VdeosGD-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"42\" height=\"42\" \/> <strong>Videos<\/strong><\/h3><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span class=\"age\"><span style=\"color: #99cc00;\"><strong>>15<\/strong><\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/multimedia.europarl.europa.eu\/es\/share\/V001-0010?autoplay=off&controls=on\">The European Defence Community (1952)<\/a><\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span class=\"age\"><span style=\"color: #99cc00;\"><strong>>15<\/strong><\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/youtube.com\/watch?si=7K9bmV3Boo9O6nJO&v=0JdcFC0xxn8&feature=youtu.be\">A European Army - How would it actually work?<\/a><\/span><\/p><p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.20.2\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" border_width_all=\"1px\" border_color_all=\"rgba(175,206,51,0.51)\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<\/p><h3 id=\"debates\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-218 \" src=\"https:\/\/learneurope.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Enlaces-externosGD-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"42\" height=\"42\" \/> <strong>External Link<\/strong><\/h3><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span class=\"age\"><span style=\"color: #99cc00;\"><strong>>15<\/strong><\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/presscorner\/detail\/es\/ip_25_793\">Link to the presentation statement of the ReArm Europe plan<\/a><\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span class=\"age\"><span style=\"color: #99cc00;\"><strong>>15<\/strong><\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/es\/policies\/defence-numbers\/\">EU defence in numbers<\/a><\/span><\/p><p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[22,1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/learneurope.eu\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/830"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/learneurope.eu\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/learneurope.eu\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learneurope.eu\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learneurope.eu\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=830"}],"version-history":[{"count":31,"href":"https:\/\/learneurope.eu\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/830\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":905,"href":"https:\/\/learneurope.eu\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/830\/revisions\/905"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/learneurope.eu\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=830"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learneurope.eu\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=830"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learneurope.eu\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=830"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}